Capsicum annuum

Capsicum annuum

Bell pepper

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Taxonomy

Common Names

Bell pepperSweet pepperChili pepperPaprikaJalapeño

Context

nativeRegion

Central and South America, likely modern-day Mexico.

usdaZones

USDA Zones 9-11 (grown as annual elsewhere).

companionPlants

Basil, Onion, Carrots, Marigold

culturalUses

Widely used for culinary purposes (sweet and hot peppers), as ornamental plants, and in traditional medicine.

Care

LightFull sun for best fruit production, at least 6-8 hours daily.

WateringRegular watering; keep soil consistently moist but not waterlogged. Allow top inch to dry between waterings.

SoilWell-draining, fertile soil rich in organic matter. pH 6.0-7.0 preferred.

FertilizerFeed with balanced fertilizer every 4-6 weeks during growing season or use slow-release formulas.

HumidityModerate humidity; avoid excessively dry or overly humid conditions.

TemperatureWarm temperatures: optimal range 21-29°C (70-85°F); sensitive to frost.

HabitAnnual or short-lived perennial herb. Erect, bushy, up to 1 m tall.

Mature Size30-120 cm (1-4 ft) tall, depending on cultivar.

Growth RateFast-growing, especially in warm conditions.

BloomingSmall, white flowers bloom in spring to summer, followed by fruit development.

DormancyNo true dormancy; usually grown as an annual in temperate climates.

MethodsSeed, Cuttings

DifficultyEasy from seed; moderately easy from cuttings.

Best SeasonSpring is best for sowing seed; cuttings can be taken in late spring to summer.

PruningPinch out growing tips to encourage bushiness and fruit production.

RepottingNot typically required unless container grown—repot annually or as needed.

Pests & DiseasesSusceptible to aphids, whiteflies, spider mites, and fungal diseases such as powdery mildew and bacterial spot.

ToxicityMature fruits and plant parts contain capsaicin; can cause irritation. Non-toxic but may be irritating to skin and eyes.

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